By Evan Rodgers- 11:00 class

During the early modernist era, developments in technology and the expansion of industry fueled the rapid growth of cities across America. This turned cities into areas in which diverse cultures and new ideas flourished. In 1900, about 40 percent of Americans lived in Cities.¹ Today, that number has grown to over 82 percent.² As cities have grown, they have continuously changed, not only in size but also in character. Historically, many inner city neighborhoods have been considered less desirable, and were therefore populated by lower income, often minority residents due to affordability. With increased demand for space closer to cities, these areas have become more desirable, leading to pressure for them to become more appealing to wealthier residents. Gentrification, in general, occurs when a community undergoes rapid change or improvement, often as a result of an influx of wealthier residents. 

Two neighborhoods in Atlanta that are currently experiencing the early stages of gentrification are Vine City and English Avenue. These two neighborhoods are located directly next to each other just southwest of Georgia Tech. Vine City has a population of 24,974 people, and English Avenue has a population of 2,466 people. Both neighborhoods are relatively poor, with about one quarter of residents of English Avenue and over one third of residents of Vine City living below the poverty line.^3,4

A defining characteristic of gentrification is that it raises property values in an area. One of the main catalysts behind the gentrification of many areas of Atlanta is the Beltline, a new trail being built around the entire city of Atlanta. A study conducted by Dan Immergluck, a professor at Georgia Tech, found that “prices one-quarter to one-half a mile away [from the Beltline] increased by 14.7% annually” between 2000 and 2006.⁵ Interestingly, this increase occurred before the Beltline was even built, and was the result of the release of plans to build it. This shows that anticipated development in an area can cause price changes even before anything is actually implemented. 

Although the beltline does not go directly through the neighborhoods of English Avenue and Vine City, connector trails are being built to meet up with the beltline, creating similar effects. Property values are already rising in many parts of the neighborhoods, and will only continue upwards in the future. Recent plans to further develop some areas, such as a new multi-use development being constructed at the intersection of Echo Street and Hollowell (see image below), will (and have already) lead to further increases in property values. Interestingly, even members of a community can contribute to gentrification. Any project that makes an area more desirable will to some extent increase the value of surrounding properties. Therefore, even community led projects such as creating small gardens and parks throughout the neighborhoods, as shown in the image below, have also probably had an impact. 

At its core, gentrification is not necessarily a negative thing: it increases revenue for the city, and can make neighborhoods nicer places to live. However, it can also have some negative consequences. Improving an area will obviously make it more desirable, and as a result causes property values to rise. This heightens property taxes and rents for people living in the area. In most cases (such as in English Avenue and Vine City), the existing residents of gentrifying areas are poorer, so they may not be able to afford these added costs. While discussing this topic, it is important to note that increased property values are not always a bad thing. In fact, many existing residents may be excited about the prospect of their home rising in value, as they would have the opportunity to sell it at a profit. However, only about 30% of houses in these two neighborhoods are owned by the people or families living in them, meaning that about 70% of residents are renters. These individuals, many of them long time residents of the community, could see drastic increases in their rent, and as a result will not be able to afford to stay around and see the benefits of gentrification. Homeowners who cannot afford rapidly increasing property taxes could also be forced to move. As other areas of the inner city gentrify as well, both renters and homeowners will be forced further and further away from the city, making it harder for them to find jobs. They will also be forced away from the community that they may have had for their entire lives. As residents begin to see small changes in their community, they may feel like their ability to stay in their long term community is threatened, creating stress.⁶

The gentrification of English Avenue and Vine City is essentially unpreventable. With developments already in construction, it would not be feasible to argue that gentrification should be halted, nor would it necessarily be a good idea, as gentrification does bring some nice benefits with it. However, given that the area is gentrifying, and will continue to gentrify, steps need to be taken to ensure that long-time residents of these areas are not forced out of their communities. We must figure out a way to not halt progress in the area, while also allowing those who do not want to leave the chance to stay. Historically, progress has often been at the expense of poorer Americans, but that does not need to be the case. We can simultaneously make an area nicer, while also allowing those who have lived there and worked there all their lives to enjoy the improvements. Admittedly, doing this would take some sacrifices, but it is more than worth it to protect the individuals and sense of community in these neighborhoods. 

One measure that has already been taken to lessen the impacts of gentrification on residents of the English Avenue and Vine CIty communities is a property tax freeze. This gives lower income residents the option to freeze their property taxes at the pre-gentrification price. This means that they will still pay taxes, but will not be pressured to leave the area due to a rapidly increasing cost of living. This measure should also be applied to apartment owners who commit to providing affordable housing. Affordable housing is defined as housing that can be rented for 30 percent or less of the average yearly income of a person in an area. Apartment owners must still pay property taxes, so freezing their taxes as well, with the requirement that they provide affordable housing, would provide places in which former residents could still live in the neighborhood. Laws could also be implemented to limit the extent to which an individual’s rent could increase in a given time span, and make it more difficult to evict people from apartments or rented housing. However, this would have to be coupled with subsidies or policies to assist landlords, who may reasonably complain that they should be able to set their own prices.⁹

Another important step for reducing the negative impacts of gentrification is limiting the extent to which an area can be developed. In many cases, gentrifying inner city neighborhoods lose houses or small apartment complexes in favor of large-scale multi-use developments, usually with a combination of office space, apartments or condos, and stores. While these do improve the economy of an area, they are mainly oriented towards higher-income residents. Some of these developments are fine, but too many can lead to a loss of the sense of community in an area, especially as many of the existing residents are poorer. To maintain the existing community in these neighborhoods, areas should be set aside for individual housing or smaller-scale projects oriented towards the people who have lived in the neighborhood for many years. This includes affordable housing, but could also include parks, community centers, and other places in which the previously existing community can come together, ensuring that the unique culture and feel of these neighborhoods is at least somewhat maintained. 

Sources

¹ Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless US History. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-rise-of-the-city/#:~:text=The%20industrialization%20of%20America%20led,of%20Americans%20lived%20in%20cities

² Plecher, P., & 4, N. (2020, November 04). United States – URBANIZATION 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/269967/urbanization-in-the-united-states/

³ English Avenue DEMOGRAPHICS. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/GA/Atlanta/English-Avenue-Demographics.html

⁴ Vine city demographics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/GA/Atlanta/Vine-City-Demographics.html

⁵ Camrud, Natalie, “Race, Class, and Gentrification Along the Atlanta BeltLine” (2017). Scripps Senior Theses. 947. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/947

⁶ Lartey, J. (2018, October 23). Nowhere for people to go: Who will survive the gentrification of Atlanta? Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/oct/23/nowhere-for-people-to-go-who-will-survive-the-gentrification-of-atlanta

⁷ The scream, 1893 by Edvard Munch. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.edvardmunch.org/the-scream.jsp

⁸ Legros, A. (n.d.). The abandoned village. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.artic.edu/artworks/46213/the-abandoned-village

⁹ Haffner, J. (2016, January 16). Is gentrification inevitable – and inevitably bad? Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jan/16/gentrification-inevitable-bad-urban-change

¹⁰ Tate. (1970, January 01). ‘Metamorphosis of NARCISSUS’, Salvador Dalí, 1937. Retrieved February 28, 2021, from https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/dali-metamorphosis-of-narcissus-t02343

Austin Love – Class: 11:00 a.m.

A blurry sea of headlights and colors swell the roads as schools of people walk along the sidewalk along-side on their way to work. After pushing through the swivel door to their office, workers are greeted with the familiar sight of foosball tables, napping pods, and relaxation areas as they prepare to sit down at their open desks where everything they do is free for all to see and scrutinize. This is the work environment of numerous tech companies in San Francisco, specifically in Silicon Valley, a world-renowned tech hub. While these commodities or office perks seem inviting and to some even luxurious, they are more than just a welcoming gesture of companies’ displaying their willingness to innovate and make their workspaces more comfortable to employees. In reality, these perks are symptoms of a large problem with American work culture prevalent in the San Francisco workforce. This issue is known as “hustle culture” or the “grind”. These words are slang for overworking which as described in the article, “The Dark Side of the Overwork: An Empirical Evidence of Social Harm of Work from a Sustainable HRM Perspective” as “working hours beyond the required average” (Sugumar Mariappanadar and Ina Aust). Overworking takes priority over other aspects of employees’ lives regardless of their own personal interests and even health. The city of San Francisco is infamous for this toxic culture of overworking and the reason for this is namely attributed to the city hosting Silicon Valley.

San Francisco celebrates the idea of perpetual movement. From having thousands rush in and out of the city over Golden Gate Bridge to the various tech companies and startups present in the city also known as Silicon Valley. Hustle culture is promoted by companies to citizens to motivate them to always be working and to limit breaks as the key to success is a result of the amount of time put in, or at least that is what is suggested. Workers’ identities and respect from others seem to revolve around how hard and long they are able to mindlessly grind away at work-related tasks. This ironically resembles the process of producing a drug prominent in hustle culture, coffee. Just as beans are grounded into a fine powder only to have blistering hot water poured over them to produce a drink. Employees are all but being coerced into working tirelessly at their jobs while being drowned under an endless assortment of tasks. To corporations, employees are reminiscent of coffee, they are a resource to be used until nothing left can be extracted from them before they are disposed of. This apparent lack of compassion only fuels employees’ drive to hustle to avoid being considered used up and dropped since job security is practically a thing of the past. In spite of this morally bankrupt practice, companies still manage to rake in thousands of workers through the use of office perks that until somewhat recently were hard to find outside of the Silicon Valley area.

I created this picture to serve as an amalgam of the incentives companies such as Google, Facebook and Twitter offer that up until a few years ago were exclusive perks possessed by these tech giants and a handful of startups. Providing breakfast, lunch, dinner, exercise equipment, and even places to nap are not only commodities to encourage people to work for them but provides an excuse for employers to maximize the time their employees spend working since most of their needs such as food, exercise and to a certain extent, even sleep, are provided for them. This obsession with keeping employees at the office as long as possible is a dehumanizing aspect of the hustle work culture.  It not only stunts the personal development of employees by having them funnel the majority of their time into the company, but the stress of working can be physically detrimental as well due to the near-constant source of stress.                                     

One of the popular art styles created during the Modernist movement was Expressionism. Expression was strongly intertwined with Modernism due to its embracement of emotional honesty to the point of vulgarity. This is well depicted in the work known as The Scream made by Edvard Munch in 1893. The man in the center is depicting someone undergoing an intense amount of anguish about something while people in the back walk past him as if they are oblivious to his obvious distress. This striking image captures the stress of a person in a deep struggle. Regarding San Francisco’s hustle culture, this image would be symbolic of a person crying out as they attempt to keep up with the demands of work in San Francisco’s voracious appetite for productivity. The gaunt appearance of the figure resembles some of the physical characteristics synonymous with the effects of people undergoing extreme stress with physical symptoms that manifest as sleep deprivation, baggy eyes, and excessive weight loss. This hustle culture celebrates the toxic lifestyle of treating a job as the core determining factor of one’s worth to society. Consequently, observers to the victims of hustling either outright ignore the suffering of people afflicted with this self-destructive mindset or treat their pain as part of the process to becoming successful and call no attention to it just as they have been conditioned to do by the widespread glamorization of overworking.

Another art style developed as part of Modernism was Cubism. While the cubist painting here is a depiction of the Eiffel Tower in France and its host city of Paris, it shares a sense of symbolism with the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California. These are both iconic cities with well-known cultures and identities, however, the inhabitants do not experience the idealized version of their respective cities, rather they are almost suffocated or crushed by the sheer number of issues and responsibilities they must deal with in these cities. This is represented by the cluster of buildings surrounding the Eiffel Tower that almost seem to be compressing and twisting it as if to demonstrate how the reality of the harshness of these cities puts so much pressure onto people that it warps the idealization of living in these cities. This leads to the painting inciting an almost claustrophobic feeling which works well considering the frantic atmosphere of San Francisco where people feel boxed inside of the city since they always have something to take care of being swarmed with work and the societal expectation that they should always be productive otherwise they are wasting their time.

Surrealism was another fundamental art style of the Modernist movement. The clock has always been a symbol of structure and time. In this surrealist painting, the distorted clocks demonstrate the deterioration of time and how the time people spend working and the time they spend on themselves start to meltdown and become less stable. The drooping clocks could be seen as symbolizing how in a hustle-focused work environment clocking out or leaving the office is no longer a concrete way of someone knowing they are done spending their time working instead they most likely will be spending time on their job even while at home. The warped appearance of the clocks is a strong component of modernism which often ignores the conventional appearance or structure of both literature and art in favor of more experimental styles. Likewise, San Francisco seems to have rejected the typical nine to five work cycle in exchange for a more all-encompassing approach where people work as much as companies believe to be sustainable.

I created this picture to represent the effect on mental health that San Francisco’s hustle culture has on workers. This constant need to work whittles down their ability to focus and be productive despite the entire point of spending more time working to raise productivity. Outside of the more superficial commodities like entertainment centers and napping pods, open offices are a large part of the hustle culture since they supposedly establish more opportunities for collaboration. In reality, they just mentally drain workers even faster than before due to a lack of privacy. The longer hours spent working at the office in conjunction with the forcibly increased amount of social interaction is putting a large strain on workers mentally. This leaves them mentally exhausted by the time they finish working and leaves them with little energy left to do things that would allow them to unwind and recover from the day continuing the self-destructive cycle of overworking.

As depicted in the image I customized, San Francisco’s obsession with productivity and constant motion not only incites a toxic work environment that is mentally damaging to employees but physically detrimental as well. As it was briefly mentioned, when discussing The Scream, there are mental and physical consequences for people being overworked since being overworked means someone is under work-related stress for longer stretches of time than normal. As a result, the mental health of employees falls as their time to rest and recover is greatly reduced which leads to insomnia and higher blood pressure. These two symptoms begin to cause worse problems such as sleep deprivation and an increased risk of developing a disease or illness as a consequence of a severely weakened immune system stemming from the sleep deprivation as described in the article “Sleep, Immunity, and Circadian Clocks: a Mechanistic Model”, (Thomas Bollinger). The stress of overworking on the mind and body results in a feedback loop of negative effects.

The city of San Francisco has a major issue with overworking and must resolve its hustle culture before it starts to have long-term effects on the workforce. Actively discouraging overtime and pushing unfinished work to the next workday rather than having employees take it home would be extremely beneficial to the physical and mental welfare of employees. Additionally, substituting superficial benefits such as game consoles and sports equipment in exchange for better pay, job security, and health insurance would be a better trade-off than what is currently being offered. San Francisco is a city well aligned with the theme of Modernism, it is a city consumed with the idea of growth and change and is completely upfront with what it is regardless of whether or not it is positive. San Francisco’s work culture represents the shift from traditional practices to more modern ones but that does not mean it still cannot be improved upon.

Works Cited:

Bernstein, Ethan S., and Stephen Turban. “The Impact of the ‘Open’ Workspace on Human Collaboration.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 373, no. 1753, 2018, p. 20170239., doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0239.

Cramer, Dr. Charles, and Dr. Kim Grant. “The Cubist City – Robert Delaunay and Fernand Léger.” Smarthistory, Smarthistory.org, 23 Mar. 2023, smarthistory.org/cubist-city-robert-delaunay-fernand-leger/.

Dali, Salvador. The Memory of Persistence of Memory. Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1931, Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Delaunay, Robert. Eiffel Tour. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1911, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City.

Farris, Dale. “Lab Rats: How Silicon Valley Made Work Miserable for the Rest of Us.” Library Journal, vol. 144, no. 1, Feb. 2019, pp. 50–51. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=a9h&AN=134419240&site=ehost-live&custid=git1. Accessed 27 Feb. 2021.

Gossett, Eric. “DISRUPTED: My Misadventure in the Start-Up Bubble DISRUPTED: My Misadventure in the Start-Up Bubble.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, vol. 69, no. 4, Dec. 2017, p. 252. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A518901321/AONE?u=gainstoftech&sid=AONE&xid=372bc412. Accessed 27 Feb. 2021.

Graaf, John De. Take Back Your Time: Fighting Overwork and Time Poverty in America. Readhowyouwant.com Ltd, 2011.

Lock, A M, et al. “The Psychological and Physiological Health Effects of Fatigue.” Occupational Medicine, vol. 68, no. 8, Nov. 2018, pp. 502–511. Environment Complete, EBSCOhost, doi:10.1093/occmed/kqy109. Accessed 27 Feb. 2021.

Lock, A M, et al. “The Psychological and Physiological Health Effects of Fatigue.” Occupational Medicine, vol. 68, no. 8, Nov. 2018, pp. 502–511. Environment Complete, EBSCOhost, doi:10.1093/occmed/kqy109. Accessed 28 Feb. 2021.

Mariappanadar, Sugumar, and Ina Aust. “The Dark Side of Overwork: An Empirical Evidence of Social Harm of Work from a Sustainable HRM Perspective.” International Studies of Management & Organization, vol. 47, no. 4, 2017, pp. 372–387. Advanced Placement Source, EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/00208825.2017.1382272. Accessed 27 Feb. 2021.

Munch, Edvard. The Scream. The National Museum, Norway, 1893, The National Museum, Oslo, Norway.

Roper, Kathy O., and Parminder Juneja. “Distractions in the Workplace Revisited.” Journal of Facilities Management, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, pp. 91–109., doi:10.1108/14725960810872622.

Atlanta is unlike any other city in the south because of the amount of history it has compared to other cities. In the 1800’s, it was a major city for the confederate states of America which was later burned to the ground and just a few years later the most widely recognized drink in the world was invented named Coca Cola. Later in the 1900’s, a man by the name of Martin Luther King Jr was born in this city and became an activist for civil right for African Americans. Today the city is known for being the home of rap music often referenced at The A or The Atl. But how did the music industry in Atlanta evolve to what it is today? Music in Atlanta has diversified itself throughout the decades starting with the turn of the century when music began to become more mainstream or available to the public through the radio and vinyl records. country and jazz were among the most popular genres of music during the early 20^th century.

Although Atlanta never claimed the title of “Music city”, which belongs to Nashville, it briefly became the recording center of country music and blues. It all began when WSB radio station debuted itself at the “Voice of the South” in May of 1922. This was a well-deserved title at the time since it was the first radio station in the south and within a year of its existence was able to rake in an audience of over two million people nightly. Unlike radio today which plays songs that are already recorded and can be replayed over and over, all the music that was played in this station was by live performers and bands since that kind of technology was not widely available at the time. This meant that the station had to have someone always performing and this was a challenge, but it was also an opportunity for the WSB station to diversify the genres that it played to its listeners. The artists that played in the station varied from country bands to a smooth jazz trumpeter. It was a great time for many African Americans to put their names out there on a national stage. For the first time it seemed like the city of Atlanta was finally becoming a city that could produce culture.

This painting by Pablo Picasso, perfectly describes how the atmosphere of Atlanta in terms of music was viewed by other people it because it’s music didn’t promote change rather it attempted to focus on the past and of simpler times.

Country artist Fiddlin’ John Carson was one of the biggest names in this genre of music, his music was able to do what most singers could only dream of at the time. He was nothing more than a poor southerner who basically had any job that you could imagine but he was also a street musician trying to make some extra cash. His talent made him a local sensation and his lyrics were able to evoke so much feeling to his audience. He became a symbol in the south that remined people of the agrarian past, which often made his listeners feel nostalgic. His music was later recorded along with other artists such as Riley Puckett and Gid Tanner, the future was looking very bright for the genre of country music with a station such as WSB and plenty of local talent. Unfortunately, the overall population of Atlanta along with the city leaders had other plans in mind because they did not consider the music of these apparent hillbillies as part of the cities culture rather it was parts of a simpler past.

In the eyes of southern folks the image of listening to country music at night by a live performer could be rather relaxing and heartwarming, as depicted there, especially in a time where one’s ideals are being threatened by more modernist ideas. The painting following that one evokes also feelings of a relaxed and simpler life, one can imagine that the young boy is practicing with his instrument with dreams on one day becoming a famous musician like a lot of these other real life artist once did.

This era of prospering Country music would not last very long but there is no denying that these musicians regardless of their genre and race were able to shift Atlanta’s cultural role. For the many years after, a lot of the recording studios would fall victims of the Great Depression and completely die out, leaving only the thoughts of how much this city could have become if it encouraged the rise of these local talents. This would only be the start though, of a modernist movement in the art of the music industry. Over the next couple of decades many genres would come and go in the city of Atlanta but in recent history there is one genre that has become synonymous to this city. What is that genre? hip-hop/rap.

In a time where the two main cities that produced hip hop were Los Angeles and New York City, Atlanta managed a way to put its local talent into the spotlight. At first many of the Atlanta artists were not socially accepted by most consumers of hip hop at the time. Unique styles that were created in this city were a major catalyst for the popularity and success that is being shown by the many artists and music producers coming out of Atlanta today. The mix between hip-hop, R&B, and pop were a major hit during the 1990’s leading to the wide recognition of artists such as Usher and Ciara. This was only the beginning though over the next decade a style of music called crunk which can be best described as a heavy bass music with tones of heavy partying paved the path for the fame of Lil Jon and other artists of that decade. By this time Atlanta was put on the face of the map on a national level in the music industry, Atlanta was finally being recognized for their young and new talent. It took many generations and several genres but that cultural impact that Atlanta desired so much to have was becoming a reality. Atlanta was just a step away from becoming a global influence in the music industry as the capital of Hip-Hop/Rap. Usher, Ludacris, and Lil Jon would be the ones to produce a song that not only landed in Billboard’s Hot 100 decades chart and even landed on the top charts in 14 different countries. Thanks to all of the young artists that the city of Atlanta was able to produce in the late 2000’s, even the New York Times had to admit that Atlanta was becoming the capital of Hip-Hop/Rap.

With the evolution of hip-hop the way it is listened to and produced have also changed which have made these two a pair because really without one of them the other cannot coexist, with newer technology hip-hop has been able to be produced in more varying styles and the amount of music released has also increased which what was the purpose of this artwork.

A new generation of Hip-Hop/Rap artists and the rise of social media were the best thing that could have to continue to keep Atlanta on the map. The creation of YouTube is a prime example of this occurring, in 2007 an artist by the name of Soulja Boy released “Crank That” which became an instant success on Billboard’s Top 100 and received millions of views on his music video uploaded on that site. In the following years, almost every popular Hip-Hop/Rap that made the top charts was either performed by an Atlanta artist and/or produced by an Atlanta record label. Atlanta managed to create such a cultural impact that even artists such as Drake and Bobby Shmurda who are not even from Atlanta began to copy the style that was being used there, and to no surprise they gained plenty of success. Atlanta has no signs of slowing down its pace, year after year the number of Atlanta born rappers, as they are referred to this today, has increased almost exponentially. If Atlanta keeps producing artists with a fresh new style and people continue to listen to this music the south specifically Atlanta will remain a national and global cultural influence on the music industry.

The picture above is a representation of the cultural change that Atlanta has produced. I attempted to create a record label/ album cover that is able to describe the kind of atmosphere that was produced by this music and what it continues to do even today.

Atlanta has had a rollercoaster of a ride when it has come to popularizing certain genres of music starting at the early 20^th century began to popularize country and jazz which although was short lived showed potential of what city of Atlanta could accomplish. In the following decades other genres would come and go such as Pop and Rock but none would stick around much less create a cultural shift quite like Hip-Hop/Rap. Starting with the 90’s where Atlanta became relevant in the Hip-Hop/Rap community, and later in the 2000’s became a birthplace of many Atlanta artists that made a name for themselves not just nationally but even internationally. In the present-day era of the late 2010’s and early 2020’s, if you ever mention the city of Atlanta the “rap game”, as people mention it there, has to be mentioned along with it because of the amount of song hits that this city has been able to make. All that can be said now is, as people say in Atlanta, “That’s how it’s done in the ATL!”.

8:30 am, On a Typical Weekday:

It is a typical morning in a bustling and constantly evolving city. 8:30 am, everyone is heading to work while listening to the calming music in the background: a mixture of car beeps and honks that never tends to stop. Everyone is always stuck in traffic for hours, where it became like a daily routine. A woman would roll down the window and chat with the driver of a nearby car, a young man would have a falafel sandwich for breakfast while waiting, and soccer fans would debate who of the two most popular local teams, Al Ahly and El Zamalek, would win the league this season. They all know that it is going to be a long time before the traffic congestion eases. They roll down their windows and talk about all sort of topics, but no one would dare to talk about politics.

Cairo Pre-Modernism, Transforming the City into Paris (1867-1890):

On June 8, 1867, Isma’il Pasha was appointed as the Khedive, or ruler, of Egypt. After a visit to France later in the year, he dreamt of transforming Cairo to be just like Paris. “My country is no longer in Africa; we are now part of Europe”, a famous statement Isma’il Pasha said during his first years as the ruler of Egypt. In order to transform Cairo into “Paris”, Isma’il brought French and European architects to build a new area in Cairo: Downtown Cairo. He wanted modern European architecture, gridded streets, and European coffee shops and restaurants. He shifted all funding and attention to Downtown Cairo, and almost abandoned the existing part of Cairo, which was later named “Old Cairo”.

Due to Egypt’s limited financial funds and capital at the time, Isma’il took loans from England and France, which were estimated to be around £ 1 billion at the time, to build Downtown Cairo. However, in 1876, he forced Egypt into bankruptcy and had no option but to accept financial support and supervision from both England and France.

Modernism in Cairo (1890s to 1940s):

From 1882 to 1953, and after Egypt’s financial troubles, Britain occupied Egypt and influenced its politics, trade, and military. This occupation was due to several factors, including bankruptcy and Britain’s increased influence over India, where the British decided that one of the quickest ways to get to India is through Egypt. Britain continued Isma’il Pasha’s work, where it brought the colonial definition of development to Egypt: introducing the European lifestyle to other nations. On the other hand, many western countries were, in fact, building temples and various structures that were influenced by ancient Egyptians. For instance, the Foire du Caire building in Paris (1828), the Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum in Russia (1913-1929), and the Masonic Temple in Charlotte, North Carolina (1914-1987), are all examples of western countries adopting Egyptian architecture in their buildings, while Cairo was being transformed to be just like a European city at the same exact time. Here is a painting of Cairo’s French District, which was taken sometime between 1900-1910, where it clearly illustrates the introduction of the European lifestyle in Egypt.

Even though Cairo was being transformed to match typical European cities, main issues such as public transportation, green spaces, and living conditions were at a much better standing during the modernism era than nowadays. After being built, Downtown Cairo was a place with different public transportation means, plenty of green areas and spaces, as well as higher standards of living. Metros, buses, and trains existed and were all in great condition, where many people, rich or poor, would ride together every morning to go to work. Here is an image of the Muhammad Ali street in Cairo in 1920, which shows how walkable Cairo’s streets were in the past, followed by an image that was taken in the early twentieth century that shows a clear picture of Cairo’s different transportation means.

January 25, 2011: The Egyptian Revolution and Political Prisoners

Millions in the streets, specifically in Cairo’s Tahrir Square: a square that is home to many important government buildings, the national museum, and local TV headquarters. The country has been ruled by the same autocratic ruler for thirty years, and main issues like poverty and water scarcity were in no way improving. For thirty years, Egyptians have seen nothing but constantly deteriorating health care and education systems, and much more. They fought 18 days for their lives, some slept every day in the street, some were killed due to police violence, and many were detained within a large pool of political prisoners that until today have not even seen daylight, let alone see their children and families.

After around two years of unrest in Egypt, a new presidential administration began its first term on June 8, 2014, after a military coup led by the current Egyptian president and the former commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces. People were optimistic about the future, many thought perhaps the country is on the way to recovery. However, since then, things have taken a different turn.

Since the Egyptian revolution, it is estimated that there are tens of thousands of political prisoners in Egypt’s prisons today (Stark, 2015). This number has been constantly increasing since the new administration has taken office. Today, anyone who speaks in any way or shares their opinion about the current president would be pulled from his or her home in the middle of the night and thrown into prison for expressing a basic human right that the government has taken away from all Egyptians (Whitehouse, 2021). These political prisoners have been denied healthcare and even visits from close family members (“Egypt’s Political Prisoners,” 2021). They have been tortured and strangled daily. No one dares to speak in today’s Egypt.

The Rapid Construction of Massive Infrastructure Projects that are Changing Cairo Forever (After June 8, 2014):

One would think that with massive infrastructure projects comes development and a better standard of living. But this is not the case in modern-day Egypt, where these projects are only benefiting the wealthy elite and the richest ten percent in the country. To avoid any future conflicts and rebellions near important governmental buildings, in 2015 the new government of Egypt announced the start of the construction of a large-scale $58 billion project to transfer the capital of Egypt to a new city thirty kilometers east of Cairo under the name of “New Administrative Capital” (NAC). This city is expected to be the home of almost all ministries, governmental entities, as well as many luxurious skyscrapers and towers that would ultimately benefit the richest ten percent of the country. A huge portion of the government’s total funding has been directed to this project, whereas streets and villages within Cairo are experiencing constant power outages, and poverty is estimated to be affecting around 30% of the population (“Egypt is reforming its economy, but poverty is rising,” 2019). Here is a photo that I have taken in a typical poor village twenty minutes south of Cairo, which shows the difficult living conditions residents in villages have been facing, while the government is building massive projects for the wealthy elite.

Some would argue that the construction of the New Administrative Capital is a way to tackle an extremely high level of population density that exists in Cairo, where according to the World Population Review, Cairo’s current population is about twenty-one million, which is about twenty percent of the total population of Egypt. However, the construction of the New Administrative Capital is not a solution to this issue, as the project is mainly going to be home to the richest 10% in Egypt, where according to the World Inequality Database, the national income of the top 10% in Egypt income constitutes of about 47% of Egypt’s total national income in 2019, which shows the already existing income inequality in Egypt. On the other hand, the remaining population and those who are most in need would not benefit in any way from the construction of this project.

Apart from the construction of the New Administrative Capital, comes the construction of dozens of bridges within the Cairo area in the last couple of years. The government’s solution to tackling the traffic congestions is by building many bridges; however, without considering in any way whether these bridges divide villages, pass right next to balconies, or destroy neighborhoods. In 2019, a bridge was constructed a couple of feet away from residents’ balconies. In fact, during a newspaper interview, an anonymous resident (who did not disclose his name for his safety), in one of the apartments being affected by the bridge construction said, “When a car goes by, perhaps we can invite them to join us for a cup of tea on our balcony” (AFP, 2020). This flyover is designed to shorten the distance of car-users, where it is estimated to be used by 750,000 drivers each day (AFP, 2020).

One could argue that the bridge could help ease the traffic congestion in Cairo, which could be to some extent true. However, was this the only solution the government had? To create a “wall” that divides a village, where children used to play in the streets and neighbors chatted and greeted each other every day? How about the residents who will never be able to sleep again, when they are always thinking about what would happen if a car crashes into their bedroom? The Egyptian Transport Minister replied to the issue by saying, “We can’t sacrifice the interests of the whole governorate just for one, two, or ten apartments” (AFP, 2020). He is not even sure how many apartments and families are being affected. How long did the ministry of transportation take to plan this project?

Then comes the Egyptian government’s ongoing plan to either reduce greenspaces or limit Cairo residents’ access to parks and gardens. In the past thirty years, and until now, many national parks in the Egyptian capital, Cairo, have been transformed into roads, bridges, or governmental and commercial buildings. Almost all parks that still exist today have been fenced due to a required admission fee to these parks, which leads to further segregation between the rich and the poor in Egypt. One of the largest parks in the country is Al-Azhar park, a thirty hectares park located around five kilometers away from Downtown Cairo, which was constructed in 2005. Even though this park has been a getaway for many Cairo residents, where they can escape the busy city life and enjoy what the park has to offer from nature and seclusion, the admission fee to this park is around $1 per person. According to a World Bank report, an average poor Egyptian makes around $3.8 a day. So this park is still considered expensive to the bottom thirty percent of Egyptians who would need to sacrifice basic needs in order to visit the park with their families.

A City Losing Its Identity and Its People Losing their Voice:

It is very common for cities to evolve and change over time. But Cairo’s change is different. Its rulers have always focused on building a new city for a specific purpose, instead of developing the current cities where people live. Isma’il Pasha in 1867 thought about modernizing Cairo by building Downtown Cairo that would resemble Paris, and the current Egyptian president is building a new capital with his own definition of a modern city: skyscrapers and towers. What is never considered is the lives of poor families whose towns and villages are constantly suffering from power outages and water scarcity. The only thing being considered is what the ruler, who is just one individual, wants and thinks is right. The change that is happening in Cairo now is more dangerous than ever. In only a few years, Cairo will officially not be considered the capital of Egypt anymore due to the government’s decision to relocate the capital. Perhaps, the government wants Cairo to be the home of those who cannot afford luxurious skyscrapers and villas. A city where once the poor and the rich sat next to one another in the metro to commute to work is in the process of changing forever. Bridges are being built all over Cairo, limiting the movement of pedestrians in Cairo’s streets. Political prisoners are held in prisons to ensure no one else dares to speak. The city is losing its identity once again. This time, however, the government has also taken away the freedom of speech from every Egyptian. After all, what’s a city if its citizens cannot speak? I still love you Cairo, and I pray for you every day.

References

• “Investigating the impact of urban planning policies on urban division in Cairo, Egypt: The case of El-Maadi and Dar El-Salam”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016815001465

• “In Pictures: Cairo’s urban planning”

https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/6/10/in-pictures-cairos-urban-planning

• “Egypt’s political prisoners ‘denied healthcare and subject to reprisals’”

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jan/26/egypts-political-prisoners-denied-healthcare-and-subject-to-reprisals

• “Sisi’s Egypt: Mega-projects, scared citizens, no succession plan”

https://www.theafricareport.com/58444/al-sisis-egypt-mega-projects-scared-citizens-no-succession-plan/

– “Egypt is reforming its economy, but poverty is rising.”

 https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/08/08/egypt-is-reforming-its-economy-but-poverty-is-rising

 

Pictures

– https://egyptianstreets.wordpress.com/2013/09/27/egypt-through-time-photographs-from-1800-2013/

– https://www.pinterest.com/pin/145944844154673108/

When thinking about cities, what is the first image that pops into your head? Concrete buildings? Traffic for miles? The hustle and bustle of people living their daily lives? I’ll admit that these are the realities of most cities, but not mine. Here in Atlanta, we have the traffic, and we have the fast-paced movement, but what really makes Atlanta stand out from other cities is our trees. In a picture attached below taken from the Price Gilbert Memorial Library on Georgia Tech’s campus, one can easily see the beautiful canopy. Atlanta has long been dubbed “the city in a forest” due to its large amount of green space. Its skyline is marked with trees, as the canopy covers our lives. An estimated 48% or 40,524 acres of land is taken up by green spaces and nature. Not to mention that Atlanta has over 350 public parks which are also covered in trees. This is quite a stark difference to most other urban areas, where typically there isn’t a tree in sight other than the occasional park. Atlanta has the highest tree density of any of the major cities with Charlotte, North Carolina coming in second, and Chicago, Illinois in last. These cities have an obvious lack of trees, instead having scattered parks. Atlanta is lucky enough to have its large canopy in addition to its several parks.

 The reason that Atlanta has the privilege to be “the city in a forest” is due to the later industrialization Atlanta compared to other cities. The south was focused on agriculture well into the time period when the north began to industrialize. Because of this, the south had their industrialization period almost half a century after the north began. This is also why the south has fewer big cities than the north. Atlanta began its ascendance to being a big city in the 1820s, long after many other cities were settled and introduced. Then Atlanta’s industrialization came even later in the mid 1900s, while the rise of civil rights brought a lot of attention to the area. Because it was industrialized so late, Atlanta was able to keep our natural abundance of trees all over the city. Even more interesting is that most of Atlanta’s canopy is native to this region. Most other cities have to import their green spaces to keep them flourishing.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that almost 2/3 of the population in Europe lives in urban spaces now, highlighting the importance of having green spaces incorporated into urban development and planning. The pace of the city is captured perfectly in Ernst Ludwig Kirchner’s painting entitled Street, Dresden (attached below). Due to its high population, urban areas run higher risk for air pollution, noise pollution, and light pollution. Because of this, the WHO have begun to promote and encourage local officials to work toward having more conversations about nature in their cities. Green spaces not only help combat pollutants of all sorts, but also have shown to reduce stress and increase resilience in city-goers, thereby improving the quality of life in the city. When people are less exposed to pollutants, they have healthier lives in general. These areas also encourage healthier lifestyle habits like frequent exercise. People are more likely to get out and exercise in green spaces like parks than in building-heavy areas. I see tons of people exercising in Atlanta’s Piedmont Park, pictured below. A study done at the Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research showed that the number of green spaces within a person’s living radius had a significant impact on those people’s health.

In particular, green spaces are beneficial to underprivileged people in cities who are often the least likely to have access to these areas. There may be green, nature-rich areas in the higher-class neighborhoods, but no access to even a park in lower-class neighborhoods. Therefore, the lack of green places disproportionately affects the people in those neighborhoods. Sadly, this lack of access is applicable even to Atlanta despite its large acreage of trees. Continuing, if it’s bad even in “the city in a forest,” it is even worse in those without forestry. This exposes underprivileged communities to disproportionately large amounts of air, noise, and light pollution that can be combated with trees and green spaces. To fight this inequality, city officials and locals should fight to add green spaces not only to the city as a whole, but directly into poorer neighborhoods to decrease their exposure to these pollutants. Green spaces are often considered luxuries, but recent findings on their impact on health show that they should be considered necessities in all communities.

As a nation and all over the world, we lose thousands and thousands of acres of forest daily due to logging and general deforestation. This not only affects the biodiversity that lives in those area, but also us humans as we increase air pollution, while getting rid of our main source to solve air pollution. At the rate we are going, quality air is unsustainable. With forests only covering 30% of the Earth’s surface and dwindling fast, action needs to occur soon. Action can start in cities with less forestry with organization, such as the many in Atlanta, that fight for the planting of trees around cities.

In 2016, Atlanta passed an amendment called the “Tree Trust Fund” that allowed the city to buy up forested land around Atlanta, all while allowing free public access. This was done as an attempt to further protect Atlanta’s natural canopy. These nature-filled areas in Atlanta are being cared for by many non-profit organizations, allowing us to enjoy the break from the industrialized city. However, despite this, many trees around Atlanta are not protected by an ordinance, which could lead to a reduction of green spaces. The initiatives put in place protects land owned by the city, but not those in private hands. It is estimated that about 80% of the canopy actually lives in residential areas, which go unprotected. Atlanta is currently leading the nation in green spaces, but to stay that way, more measures must be put in place to protect and sustain the forestry we have. City in the forest, CITF, is a group of Atlanta residents concerned with creating new protections for the City’s canopy. With these groups in place, Atlanta’s canopy is hopefully in secure hands.

This all probably comes as no surprise if you have been to most big cities and then come to Atlanta. As a native Atlantian, I never realized how drastic the difference was until visiting Chicago. Chicago looks much like the painting by Charles Sheeler’s called Skyscrapers (attached below). I went from seeing trees all over my city to only seeing the occasional tree. Although Chicago is beautiful, I felt that the lack of trees really took away from the skyline and I missed my urban jungle. Then I began visiting college campuses around the United States and saw the difference more and more. I knew I wanted to go to school in a city, so I was vising cities like New York, Los Angeles, etc. I feared that being in a place without green spaces would hinder my motivation and harm my mental health, so I chose to stay in Atlanta and attend Georgia Tech. Even from my dorm room, I can see the beautiful green spaces provided. Here on our campus, we have tons of green space as well, which really makes it feel like our campus is separate from Atlanta as a whole. We have our own space. Georgia Tech puts huge emphasis on mental health which is why they attempt to provide so many green spaces for students. Our largest area being Tech Green which is a lovely area to have a picnic or swing in a hammock with friends. On the prettiest of days, Tech Green looks a lot like the painting in the park by Maurice Prendergast, People strolling, playing with animals, and enjoying the nice day. Even on this smaller scale of our campus within Atlanta’s borders, I have seen the beneficial results that the canopy has on students’ mental health. When students need a break from the academic rigor, you can often find them taking a walk through the green, playing soccer over at STAMPs field, or picnicking on the quad. My peers corroborate the idea that these green infrastructures reduce our stress overall. A good friend of mine decided to do most of her schoolwork outside on Tech Green because it helps her feel much calmer when working on her already stressful work. Personally, I have made the commitment to go outside to any of Tech’s campus’ green spaces to decompress during my harder weeks.

I have long wondered why other cities do not look to Atlanta as a role model in regard to our nature-based infrastructure, but it appears that many people do not see the benefits of having the green spaces that Atlanta does. However, if you were to leave your city, and enjoy a visit to Atlanta, I believe the difference would become quite apparent. On my college campus, there is something indescribable about the environment that Georgia Tech students create outside when the weather is nice. The sense of community is overwhelming as I watch students do work at the tables, play frisbee on the lawn, or nap in the sun.  It becomes more obvious to be me by the day that green spaces not only benefit mental health and productive, but they help to promote a sense of community and unity in cities.  

Sources

• https://www.atlantamagazine.com/list/life-atlanta-2040/still-the-city-of-trees/
• https://www.treesatlanta.org/news/a-city-in-the-forest-atlantas-effort-to-preserve-nature-in-the-city/
• https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/342289/Urban-Green-Spaces_EN_WHO_web3.pdf%3Fua=1#:~:text=Green%20space%20interventions%20have%20been,physical%20and%20mental%20well%2Dbeing
• https://saportareport.com/atlantas-urban-tree-canopy-leads-nation-trees-not-protected/columnists/maria_saporta/
• https://patch.com/georgia/midtown/why-atlanta-city-forest